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A SYLLABUS 



OF 



Modern History 



Intended for the use of Students in History A 
in Columbia University 



BY 

CARLTON HAYES 

AND 

ROBERT LIVINGSTON SCHUYLER 

Assistant Professors of History in Columbia University 



COPYRIGHT 1912, BY 

Columbia 'dniversitp 
in tbe Cttp of Tllew l^orft 







A SYLLABUS 



OP 



Modern History 



Intended for the use of Students in History A 
in Columbia University 



CARLTON HAYES 

AND 

ROBERT LIVINGSTON SCHUYLER 

Assistant Professors of History in Columbia University 



COPYRIGHT I912, BY 

Columbia XHniversit^ 
In tbc City ot Ulew l^orh 



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Syllabus of Modern History 

INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 

The following pages are intended as an introductory 
guide to the study of modern history. Whatever may be 
said about the relative cultural value of various fields of 
history, there can be no doubt that every educated and 
thoughtful person should have some idea of the times out 
of which our own society and civilization have immediately 
emerged. And American citizens may take an intelligent 
interest in the problems confronting their citizenship com- 
mensurate with accurate understanding of such problems. 
Therein rests the justification for prescribing History A for 
all students in Columbia College. General modern history 
must first be studied by all; other historical fields may be 
explored later as special needs dictate or individual prefer- 
ences incline. 

In this Syllabus, the out'ine emphasizes the social and 
political development of the world since the close of the 
sixteenth century, with some reference to ecclesiastical and 
intellectual conditions, and with introductory material on the 
foundations of modern Europe, designed partially to set 
forth our debt to earlier periods and peoples, and to show 
that we of the present day, not in a poetic sense, but in a 
bald and literal way, are the heirs of all the ages. To make 
an appropriate selection from the vast mass of historical data, 
even in modern times, — man's thoughts, words, and deeds,— 
is no easy task, but an earnest endeavor has been made to 
select only such salient facts as would serve to explain 
present-day conditions or illustrate statements of the his- 
torian's colleagues in the University,— for the introductory 
course in college history should be a kind of clearing-house 
for all the conventional studies in the college curriculum. 

Every student in History A should be provided with a 
copy of this Syllabus, and with copies of the text-books and 
atlas as prescribed. Informal lectures explanatory of the 
Syllabus, and recitations based upon the material in the text- 
books and atlas— the Syllabus being invariably used as the 
guide for study — constitute the class-room work. On the 
lectures the student should take notes in ink and be prepared 
to submit them for inspection whenever requested. These 
notes, together with such portions of the text-books and atlas 
as have been covered in the meantime, will serve as bases 
for regular written tests. In addition, the student is to 



prepare during one term an essay on a selected topic of the 
Syllabus ; the books for the purpose will be found in the 
College Study in Hamilton Hall, and special directions for 
the work may be obtained in consultation with the instructor. 
During the other term, the student is expected to read about 
five hundred pages from collateral assignments ; the books 
for this purpose will likewise be found in the College Study. 
It may be remarked, incidentally, that many topics given 
in the Syllabus are not treated in the text-books; they will 
receive attention in the lectures or in the collateral reading. 

Every student is required to show proficiency in each 
of the following activities of the course: (i) the oral recita- 
tions and the written tests; (2) the map-work and assigned 
collateral reading; (3) the term essay; (4) the final ex- 
aminations. At intervals during the year the students will 
be informed of their respective standings. 

In preparing for a recitation the student should first note 
carefully the arrangement of the topics in the portion of 
the Syllabus assigned; then, having the logical outline clearly 
in mind, he will proceed to amplify it from the text-books 
and atlas. The dates indicated in the Syllabus should be 
memorized. Every student will find it decidedly to his 
advantage to prepare the lessons regularly and in advance 
of recitation. By such practice and through hearty co-opera- 
tion with the instructors, History A should be without terror 
to the serious student, — a pleasant and profitable excursion 
into wide lands and among divers peoples. 

The text-books required for use in connection with the 
Syllabus are: J. H. Robinson and C. A. Beard, The Devel- 
opment of Modern Europe (two volumes), and J. H. Robin- 
son, History of Western Europe. These books are referred 
to respectively as R. and B. and Robinson. In each of these 
books, as well as in the Source Readings accompanying them, 
are select bibliographies from which collateral reading will 
be assigned. A few of the most important collateral readings 
are indicated in the Syllabus, especially in those subjects 
concerning which there is little in the text-books ; the abbre- 
viations used in referring to these additional books are as 
follows : 

Adams — Adams, G. B., Growth of the French Nation, 

Botsford— Botsford, G. W., History of the Ancient 
World. 

Cheyney— Cheyney, E. P., Short History of England. 

Johnston — Johnston, R. M., Napoleon. 

Mathews — Mathews, S., French Revolution. 

Muzzey — Muzzey, D. S., American History. 



R.R. — Robinson, J. H., Readings in European History 

(abridged edition). 
Seignobos — Seignobos, C, Political History of Europe 

since 1814. 
Shepherd — Shepherd, W. R., Historical Atlas. 
In the case of other books referred to, the full title is 
given when the first reference is made. 

C. H. 
R. L. S. 
Columbia University, 

September 25, 1912. 



INTRODUCTION TO MODERN HISTORY 
I. Foundations of Modern Europe: Social and Economic 

1. The Roman Empire. 

A. The aristocracy. 

B. Fate of the middle class. 

C. Slavery and serfdom: the villa. 

D. Taxation and government regulation. 

E. Decline of population. 

Robinson 8-17; Botsford, 475-482, 517-522. 

2. The Middle Age. 

A. Agriculture. 

The manor. 

Serfdom and its decline. 
Hired laborers and free tenants. 
Survivals of the manorial system, 
R. and B. I, 122-127; Robinson, 233-237; R.R., 181- 
184; Cheyney, Industrial and Social History of 
England, 31-56; Atl.as : Shepherd, 104. 

B. Commerce and industry. 

Revival of commerce : crusades and trade routes. 
Growth of towns : the merchant guild. 
Growth of manufactures: the craft guilds. 
Regulation of economic activities : influence of the 

Church. 
Decline of the guilds. 
R. and B. I, 127-131 ; Robinson, 237-249; R.R., 184- 

186 ; Cheyney, Industrial History, 57-95 ; Atlas : 

Shepherd, 98-99, 102-103. 

3. The Commercial Revolution and the Expansion of Europe. 

A. Need for new routes to the Indies. 

B. The discoveries. 

Attempt of the Portuguese: Henry the Navigator; 

Vasco da Gama (1497). 
Achievement of Columbus (1492). 

C. Establishment of colonial empires. 

Eminence of Portugal in the sixteenth century. 
The Spanish Empire. 

Union of Spain and Portugal : the world empire of 
Philip H (1580). 



Expansion of Holland : Dutch trade and empire. 

Expansion of England : North America and India. 

World rivalry of England and Holland : decline of 
Holland. 

Expansion of France : North America and India. 

Motives for colonization : mercantilism. 

New commercial companies. 
R. and B. I, 36-38, 80-91, loi-iii; Robinson, 347-352. 
463-464; Cheyney, Industrial History, 164-169, 189- 
193: Muzzey, 3-70, 81-89; Atlas: Shepherd, 107- 

IIO, 

4. The Development of Industry. 

A. Motive of profit : growth of capital. 

B. Changes in economic standards. 

C. Government regulation : mercantilism and "protection." 

D. Desire for new markets. 

Cheyney, Industrial History. 141-164, 171-176, 185-189. 
193-198. 



II. Foundations of Modern Europe: Political 

1. The City State. 

A. Sparta: oligarchy. 

B. Athens : democracy. 

C. Rome. 

Political institutions. 
World conquest. 
Caesarism. 

Botsford, 98-103, X12-121, 123-143, 163-178, i90-2i{ 
309-312, 397-403, 428-444. 

2. The World State: the Roman Empire. 

A. The principate. 

Concentration of powers. 
The army. 

B. "Barrack emperors." 

Military anarchy. 

Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. 

C. Despotism. 

The official hierarchy. 

D. Conditions explaining the duration of the empire. 

E. Causes of decline : the "fall." 

F. The empire in the East. 



G. Perpetuation of Roman traditions. 
The Catholic Church. 
The Holy Roman Empire. 
Robinson, 8-18, 22-24, 27-28; Botsford, 451-457, 465- 
475, 500-511, 517-523; Adams, Civilisation during 
the Middle Ages, 20-37, 76-88; Atlas: Shepherd, 
42 ; Botsford, 452, 508. 

3. The Tribal Kingdoms. 

A. The Germanic invasions. 

B. Founding and overthrow of the Visigothic, Vandal, Ostro- 
gothic and Lombard Kingdoms. 

C. The Anglo-Saxons. 

The heptarchy. 

Attainment of political unity. 

D. The Prankish Kingdom. 

Its importance in world history. 

Extension of territory under Merovingians ; decline. 

Recovery under Mayors of the Palace : Charles Martel 

and Pippin. 
Conquests and government of Charlemagne. 
Robinson, 25-43, 67-68, 72-83 ; Adams, 23-43 ; R.R., 19- 

31, 61-77; Atlas: Shepherd, 50. 

4. The "Roman Empire" in the West. 

A. Revival of the empire: Charlemagne (800). 

B. Decline and disruption under the later Carolingians. 

C. Conditions in Germany, Italy and France after Charles the 
Fat (887-962). 

D. "The Roman Empire of the German Nation:" Otto I (962). 

E. The empire at its height: Henry III {cca. 1040). 

F. The Hohenstaufen. 

Imperial ideals. 

Frederick I and the Lombard towns : treaty of Con- 
stance C1183). 
Acquisition of southern Italy: Frederick II (1212-1250). 
Decline of the empire: conditions in Germany and 
Italy. 

Robinson, 83-87, 92-103, 148-153, 160, 173-181, 
184-186; Adams, Civilization, 154-169, 227- 
229, 247-257; R.R., 79-87, T20-126; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 54, 58, 62, y2. 

5. The Feudal State. 

A. Origin and development of feudalism. 

Robinson, 104-119; Adams, Civilisation, 194-226; R.R., 



B. The feudal monarchies. 

Public duties become private obligations. 

Central government: king and curia regis. 

Local government : the vassals and their courts ; local 

separatism. 
The non-feudal element: the royal prerogative. 

C. The royal prerogative z'. feudalism. 

In France : expansion of the royal domain ; centraliza- 
tion ; growth of absolutism. 
In Germany: stem duchies; multiplication of local 

powers ; decentralization. 
In England: triumph of feudal contract idea; the 
limited monarchy. 

Robinson, 120-146, 148-150, 180, 185-186, 355, 
371-375; Adams, 54-64, 69-88; Adams, 
Civilisation, 339-345, 356-360; R.R., 99-ii8; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 61, 62, 65, 69, 76. 

D. Development of political institutions. 

Law courts. 

Council. 

Estates General, Parliament, Diet. 

E. The growth of cities. 

Communes and chartered towns in France and England. 
"City states" of Germany and Italy. 
Effects on feudalism. 
Robinson, 131-132, I47. 281, 285-286, 237-241, 243-245; 

Adams, 93-94, 99-100, 116-118; Adams, Civilisation, 

290-307. 

6. The National State. 

A. Growth of national consciousness. 

National patriotism. 
Language and literature. 

B. Decline of feudalism: centralization; the Roman law. 

C. England. 

National institutions: judicial, financial, military. 
Increasing activities of parliament: the Commons. 

D. France. 

Process of territorial unification. 
Judicial system, taxation, standing army. 
Political activities of the third estate. 

E. Spain. 

The Moors and the Christian recovery. 

Ferdinand and Isabella: centralization and absolutism. 



International rivalry: the Hundred Years' War. 

Robinson, 140-142, 146-147, 277-295, 356-358; Adams, 
89-107; Adams, Civilization, 311-356; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 82-84. 



III. Foundations of Modern Europe: Religious and 
Ecclesiastical 

1. Pagan Cults and Philosophy. 

2. Origin and Spread of Christianity. 

A. Judaism and the teaching of Jesus : early syncretism. 

B. Missionaries and the organization of the early churches. 

C. Attitude of the Roman government. 

Persecutions. 
Toleration. 

D. Christianity v. paganism. 

Triumph of Christianity. 

The State Church : early intolerance. 

E. The "universal" church : early heresies. 

F. Conversion of the Germans. 

Robinson, 18-22, 44-49, 60-66; Adams, Civilisation, 
39-64; Botsford, 511-516; R.R., 9-15, 49-56; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 46-47. 

3. The Catholic Church. 

A. Organization. 

The hierarchy. 

The papacy : its origin and development. 
The clergy : their power and wealth. 
The councils : the canon law. 

Monasticism: the Rule of St. Benedict; the Mendi- 
cant Orders. 
Political functions. 

B. Faith. 

The sacramental system. 
Development of theology. 
Heresies and their suppression. 

C. Extension. 

Missions. 

Conflict with Islam: the crusades (1095-1270). 

Robinson, 49-59, 187-232 ; Adam^, Civilization, 107- 
136; R.R., 33-40, 41-49, 146-180; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 94-97, loo-ioi, 66-68, 70-71, 7S- 



Church and State. 

A. Feudalism and the investiture conflict. 

The Cluniac movement. 

B. The popes and the kings. 

Questions at issue. 

The "Babylonian captivity" (1309-1377). 

The conciliar movement (1414-1449). 

C. Royal control of church. 

The concordats. 
R. and B. I, 135-143; Robinson, 154-172, 303-319; 
Adams, 149-151; Adams, Civilisation, 392-397; 
R.R., 127-137, 211-218; Atlas; Shepherd. 81. 

The Protestant Revolt and the Establishment of State Churches. 

A. Causes of discontent ; forerunners of the Protestants. 

B. Luther and his revolt (i5i7-i53o)- 

C. Henry VIII (1509-1547) and the Anglican Church. 

D. Calvin and Knox. 

E. Civil-religious wars (1529-1648). 

F. Protestant doctrines. 

Robinson, 308-320, 369-371, 375-436, 451-4571 R-R-. 
253-3TO; Atlas: Shepherd, 116, 118-119. 

The Reformation of the Catholic Church. 

A. Early reform movements. 

B. The Jesuits. 

C. The Council of Trent (1545-1563). 

Robinson, 437-444; R.R., 315-316. 

IV. Foundations of Modern Europe: Intellectual 

The Greek Heritage. 

A. Philosophic speculation. 

The Sophists ; Socrates and Plato. 

Aristotle and his supreme place in European thought. 

Stoicism and Epicureanism. 

B. Science. 

Mathematics : Euclid. 
Astronomy : Pythagoras and Ptolemy. 
Medicine; Hippocrates. 

Non-experimental character of Greek science ; Aris- 
totle. 

C. Literature. 

Poetry ; Homer, Hesiod, Sappho. 
Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. 
History: Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon. 
Oratory: Demosthenes. 



D. Art. 

Architecture. 

Sculpture: Praxiteles and Phidias. 

Music. 

Painting. 

E. Dififusion of Greek culture over the Orient: Alexandria. 

Botsford, 144-156, 207-215, 286-295, 305-309; Adams, 
Civilization, 14-19. 

2. The Roman Heritage. 

A. Development of Greek ideas. 

Philosophy. 

Literature. 

Architecture. 

Engineering. 

Education : the seven liberal arts. 

B. Law. 

Evolution of statutory and case law. 
Codes of Theodosius and Justinian: Corpus luris 
Civilis. 

C. Religion. 

Christianity. 

The New Testament : the Vulgate. 
The Catholic Church, the intellectual arbiter of West- 
ern Europe. 

D. Diffusion of Roman culture. 

The Latin language in western Europe. 

Influence upon the Germans. 

Botsford, 445-453, 457-462, 492-498, 543-544 ; Robin- 
son, 17-ig, 40-43, 250-252; Adams, Civilisation, 
20-38. 

3. The I»iohammedan Heritage. 

A. Perpetuation of Greek learning. 

Philosophy : Averroes. 
Medicine : Avicenna. 
Astronomy. 

B. Mathematics. 

Arabic numerals. 
Algebra. 
Mariner's compass. 

C. Art. 

Architecture. 
Decorative arts. 

D. Contact with Christendom. 

Spain. 

13 



Southern Italy. 
The Crusades. 

Robinson, 68-72, 1S7-200; R.R., 58-61, 146-157; 
Adams, Ck'ili.zation, ch. xi. 

The Mediaeval Heritage. 

A. Theology. 

Relation with philosophy: Abelard (1079-1142) and 

Bernard (1091-1153). 
Peter Lombard's Scntentiae (1140). 
Scholasticism: Albertus Magnus (i 193-1280) and 

Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274). 

B. Law. 

Revival of the Roman law: Irnerius {cca. 1140). 
Codification of the canon law: Gratian {cca. 1142). 

C. Medicine : the school of Salerno. 

D. Universities. 

Outgrowth of cathedral and monastic schools. 
Types : Bologna, Paris, Oxford. 
Courses of study, and degrees. 

E. Science. 

Astrology and alchemy. 

Reliance upon authoritj' : influence of Aristotle. 
Beginnings of experimental science : Roger Bacon 
(1215-1292). 

F. Art. 

Gothic architecture. 
Sculpture and wood carving. 
Painting: Giotto (1276- 1336). 
Illuminated manuscripts. 

G. Literature. 

Decline from Classical Latin. 

Rise of vernacular literatures: Germanic and Romance; 
early epics ; troubadours, minnesingers, etc. ; Dante 
(1265-1321) and Chaucer {cca. 1340-1400). 
H. Revival of the pagan classics. 

Petrarch (1304-1374) and humanism. 

The study of Greek: Chrysoloras {cca. 1400). 

The classics in education. 

Effects. 
I. Invention of Printing : diffusion of knowledge. 

Robinson, 250-273, 329-344; R.R., 191-198, 220-226. 

The Culture of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. 

A. Traditions of humanism. 

German and English humanism. 

Erasmus (1467-1536) and Sir Thomas More (1478- 
1535). 

14 



B. Scientific advance. 

Astronomy: Copernicus ( 1473-1543). Kepler (1571- 

1630), Galileo (1564-1642). 
Physics: Isaac Newtpn (1642-1727). 
Geography : the discoveries and explorations ; maps. 
The "New Knowledge": Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 

and Descartes (1596-1650). 
Promotion of scientific study: academies, observatories, 

publications. 

C. Art : Architecture and Painting. 

Italy: Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo, Rafael, 

Titian. 
Northern Europe : Diirer, Rubens, Rembrandt, Van 

Dyck. 
Spain : Velasquez. 

D. National literatures. 

Italian: Ariosto, Tasso. 

French : Rabelais, Corneille, Moliere, Racine. 

Spanish: Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Calderon. 

Portuguese : Camoens. 

German : Luther. 

English: Shakspere, King James Bible, Milton. 

Robinson, 344-352, 3/8-384; RR-, 227-230, 253-257, 
549-552; R. and B. I, 157-166. 



MODERN HISTORY 

V. Dynastic and International Rivalry: The European 
State System in the Sixteenth Century 

Habsburg v. Valois. 

A. The position of Spain in Italy : Ferdinand the Catholic. 

B. Charles VIII and the French invasion of Italy (i494)- 

Results. 

C. The attempt of Louis XII. 

D. The "Balance of Power." 

Henry VIII and Wolsey. 

E. The wars of Charles V (1519-1556) and Francis I (1521- 

1544). 
Eifects on the growth of Protestantism. 

F. Henry II and the new French foreign policy: the Rhine. 

G. Abandonment of French pretensions in Italy. 

Peace of Cateau-Cambresis (i5S9)- 

Robinson, 358-368, 427-428; Adams, 143-155. t6o- 
164; R.R., 316-319; Atlas: Shepherd, 118 119. 

15 



2. The Empire of Philip II (1555-1598) and its Decline. 

A. The completion of absolutism in Spain. 

Supremacy of the Spanish army. 

Economic policy of the government : American mines ; 

taxation. 
Religious policy of the government; Inquisition; 

Moors and Jews. 

B. The absorption of the Portuguese empire (1580- 1640). 

C. The revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1648). 

D. English freebooters. 

The Armada (1588). 
Robinson, 444-451. 460-464; R.R., 319-328, 333-337 '< 
Atlas: Shepherd, 117. 

3. Bourbon v, Habsburg. 

A. Civil-religious wars. 

Relapse of France to quasi-feudal anarchy. 

B. The recovery of France under Henry IV (1589-1610). 

Re-establishment of absolutism. 

Financial and commercial reorganization : Sully. 

Colonial enterprises. 

Foreign policy. 

C. Richelieu (1624-1642). 

The Huguenots. 

Repression of disorder: centralization; intendants. 

Foreign policy: "natural limits." 

Robinson, 457-458, 494; Adams. 164-201. 

4. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). 

A. Religious and political antecedents in the Germanies. 

B. The Bohemian revolt. 

Catholic and imperial exaltation (1618-1624). 

C. Danish intervention (1625-1629). 

Motives of Christian IV. 

Wallenstein. 

Edict of Restitution. 

D. Swedish intervention. 

Policy and motives of Gustavus Adolphus. 
Generalship of Gustavus Adolphus. 

E. French intervention. 

Motives of Richelieu. 
French military supremacy. 
Robinson, 465-472; R.R., 340-346; Atlas: Shepherd, 
120. 

16 



5. The Peace of Westphalia (1648). 

A. Religious and political settlement in the Germanics. 

B. The humiliation of the Austrian Habsburgs. 

C. The gains of France and Sweden. 

D. Decline of the religious motive in international relations. 

E. International law and diplomacy. 

Grotius and Pufendorf. 
Robinson, 472-474; R.R., 346-347; Atlas: Shepherd, 
122-123. 

VI. The Triumph of Constitutional Government in England 

1. The Evolution of Constitutional Government. 

A. The limited monarchy. 

Magna Carta (1215). 
Provisions of Oxford (1258). 

B. The rise of Parliament. 

Evolution of the House of Lords. 
Evolution of the House of Commons. 
Regular meetings of Parliament. 

C. The powers of Parliament. 

Taxation. 

Legislation. 

Influence over the administration. 

Cheyney, 180-184, 204-216, 246-247, 264-265. 

2. The Absolutism of the Tudor and Stuart Dynasties (1485-1640). 

A. Wars of the Roses. 

Effects on monarchy, parliament, nobility and middle 
class. 

B. General acquiescence in despotism. 

Henry VIII (1509-1547). 
Elizabeth (1558-1603). 

C. Beginning of political and ecclesiastical opposition. 

D. James I (1603-1625). 

Monarchy by "divine right." 

E. Charles I (1625-1649). 

Arbitrary taxation: the Petition of Right (1628). 
Personal government : financial and ecclesiastical poli- 
cies. 
Connection between Puritanism, Parliamentarianism 
and the new commercialism. 

Cheyney. 269, 274-276, 278-284, 327-328, 347, 
379-381, 383-390. 406-429; R.R., 349-351- 

17 



3. The Puritan Revolution (1640-1660). 

A. Reforms of the Long Parliament. 

B. Civil War : the army and its leader. 

C. The Commonwealth. 

D. The Protectorate : the government of Oliver Cromwell. 

Cheyney, 431-464; R.R., 352-361. 

4. The Restoration (1660-1688). 

A. Charles II (1660-1685). 

Ecclesiastical policy : the dispensing power. 
Popish Plot and the formation of the Whig and Tory 
parties. 

B. James II (1685-1688). 

Declaration of Indulgence : the "seven bishops." 

Alienation of all parties. 

Flight of the king. 

Loss of Ireland and Scotlgind. 

Cheyney, 466-493, 498-508, 513-520; R.R., 361-366. 

5. The Supremacy of Parliament. 

A. The constitutional settlement. 

The Bill of Rights (1689). 

The Mutiny Act (1689). 

The Act of Settlement (1701). 

B. The era of Whig domination (1714-1760). 

The Hanoverians. 

Walpole. 

Ministerial responsibility: the cabinet. 

C. The "unreformed" House of Commons. 

Restricted suffrage. 

Influence of the House of Lords. 

Corruption. 

Cheyney, 508-514, S22-526, 528-529, 539-543, 545- 
549; R.R., 366-370. 

VII. France and Europe in the Age of Louis XIV 

1. The Triumph of the Crown in France. 

A. The work of Mazarin (1643-1661). 

The Fronde and its outcome. 

B. Louis XIV (1643-1715). 

Theory of kingship. 
Administration : central and local. 
Checks: provincial estates and parlements. 
Economic policy: Colbert; colonization. 



Religious policy: the Huguenots. 
Court and army. 
R. and B. I, 4-13; Adams, 202-216, 227-233; R.R., 373- 
383. 

5. French Aggrandizement and the Balance of Power. 

A. Peace of the Pyrenees (1659). 

Humiliation of the Spanish Habsburgs. 
Marriage of Louis XIV. 

B. Conditions in Spain. 

Reign of Charles H (1665-1700). 

War of Devolution and the Triple Alliance. 

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). 

C. Conditions in the United Netherlands. 

The diplomacy of Louis. 

The invasion of Holland (1672). 

The coalition z>. France. 

Peace of Nimwegen (1678). 

D. Conditions in the Germanics. 

French aggression without war : "reunions." 
League of Augsburg. 
Revolution of 1688 in England. 
War of the League of Augsburg. 
Peace of Ryswick (1697). 

R. and B. I, 14-33; Adams, 216-221; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 125-126. 

E. The Spanish Succession. 

Claimants and partition treaties. 

Will of Charles II: accession of Philip V (1700). 

War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) : William 

ni and Marlborough. 
Peace of Utrecht (1713) : reconstruction of Europe; 
world politics. 

R. and B. I, 34-44; Adams, 221-227; R.R., 384- 
387; Atlas: Shepherd, 129, 133. 

VIII. The Germanies in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth 

Centuries 

.. The Holy Roman Empire in Decline. 

A. Emperor, electors and diet. 

B. Princes, knights, and free cities. 

C. Triumph of particularism : weakness of Germany. 

R. and B. I, 23-28. 

19 



The Habsburg Dominions. 

A. Gradual acquisition of territories. 

Gains at Utrecht. 

B. Diversity of races and culture. 

C. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. 

Accession of Maria Theresa (1740-1780). 
R. and B. I, 43-46, 61-63; Atlas: Shepherd, 59, 87, 

IIS, 134-135- 

The Rise of Prussia. 

A. The mark of Brandenburg. 

The Hohenzollern (1415). 

B. Prussia. 

The Teutonic Knights. 

Conquest of West Prussia by Poland (1466). 

Union of East Prussia and Brandenburg (1618). 

C. Hohenzollern possessions in the Rhine valley. 

D. Gains of Brandenburg-Prussia at Westphalia. 

E. The Great Elector (1640-1688). 

Army. 

Centralization. 

Absolutism. 

F. Frederick I, "King in Prussia" (1701). 

G. Development under Frederick William I (1713-1740'). 

Accession of Frederick II (1740-1786). 
R. and B. I, 55-59; R.R., 392-394; Atlas: R. and B. 
I, 57; Shepherd, 79, 122-123. 

The Lesser States of Germany. 

The Struggle between Austria and Prussia. 

A. War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748): attack on 

Maria Theresa. 
Frederick the Great and Silesia. 
Coalition v. Austria. 
Policy of George II of England. 
The vi^ar between France and England. 
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748). 

B. The Diplomatic Revolution : Kaunitz. 

C. Seven Years' War (1756-1763): attack on Frederick the 

Great. 
Coalition v. Prussia. 
Policy of Pitt. 

The vi^ar between England and France. 
Generalship of Frederick. 
Treaty of Hubertsburg (1763)- 
R. and B. I, 60-71; R.R., 394-397; Atlas: Shepherd. 
130-135; R- a^'d B. I, 64. 



IX. The Rise of Russia and the Decline of Turkey, 
Sweden and Poland 

1. Foundations of the Russian Empire. 

A. The Slavic peoples. 

B. The Norse in Russia. 

C. Conversion of the Russians to Christianity. 

D. The Tartar domination : its influence and its overthrow. 

E. Expansion of the principality of Muscovy. 

Ivan IV (1547-1584). 

F. Remoteness from Western Europe : Orientalism. 

R. and B. I, 50-52; II, 261-264, 269 footnote; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 138-139. 

2. The Turks in Europe, 

A. The Ottomans and their conquests. 

Constantinople (1453). 
The lower Danube. 

Dominions of Suleiman the Magnificent {oca. 1530) : 
the zenith of Turkish power. 

B. The Christian subjects of the sultan. 

C. The wane of Turkish power. 

R. and B. II, 303-305; A'ilas: Shepherd, 124, 164. 

3. Russia under Peter the Great (1633-1725) and the Decline cf 

Sweden. 

A. Internal reforms: Europeanization. 

B. Absolutism. 

Administration. 

Army. 

The Orthodox Church. 

C. Foreign policy. 

The Black Sea: war with the Turks (1695-1696). 
The Baltic: conflict with Charles XII; humiliation of 
Sweden; treaty of Nystad (1721). 

R. and B. I, 52-55 ; R.R., 388-391 ; y\TLAS : Shep- 
herd, 138-139. 

4. Russia under Catherine the Great (1762-1798) and the Fate of 

Poland. 

A. The "Eastern Question." 

Russia on the Black Sea: attitude of the Powers. 
Russian protectorate over Christians in Turkey. 
Treaty of Kainardji (1774). 

B. The partitions of Poland (1772, 1792, 1795). 

Origin of the kingdom of Poland. 
Struggle with the Teutonic Knights. 



Racial and religious diversity. 
Sj^stem of "government": anarchy. 
The partitions: gains of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. 
R. and B. I, 71-79; H, 304; RR-, 397-398; Atlas: 
R. and B. I, 76; Shepherd, 138-139. 

X. The World Conflict of France and Great Britain 

1. Position of the Rivals in 1688. 

A. English possessions in America and the East. 

B. French possessions in America and the East. 

C. Comparative resources and policies. 

R. and B. I, 87-94, T07-110; Adams, 229-230; Munzey, 
89-91; R.R., 404-409; Atlas: R. and B. I, 106-107. 

2. The Preliminary Encounters. 

A. War of the League of Augsburg in its colonial aspect 

(1689-1697). 
King William's War. 
Indecisive character of the war. 
Treaty of Ryswick. 

B. War of the Spanish Succession in its colonial aspect 

(1702-1713). 
Queen Anne's War. 
Sea power of England. 
Treaty of Utrecht: gains of Great Britain. 

C. War of the Austrian Succession in its colonial aspect 

(1744-1748). 
King George's War. 

Struggle in India: Madras; policy of Dupleix. 
Struggle in North America: Louisburg. 
Indecisive character of the war. 
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

R. and B. I, 43-44, 65-68, 94-95- no; Adams, 221, 
226-227, 241-244; Mtizzey, 91-95- 

3. The Triumph of Great Britain: the Seven Years' War. 

A. The war in North America: French and Indian War 
(1 754-1763). 
Contest over the Ohio valley : English reverses. 
The policy of Pitt. 
Fall of Quebec and overthrow of French dominion 

(1759-1760). 
Spain in the war: the Family Compact (1762). 



B. The war in India. 

Plassey (i757) : Clive and Bengal. 
Fall of Pondicherry and collapse of French dominion 
(1760). 

C. The treaty of Paris (1763)- 

R. and B. I, 95-100, 111-116; Adams, 245-247; Muzzey, 
95-103; R.R., 403-404; Atlas: Shepherd, 136-137; 
R. and B. I, 92, no. 

XI. The Disruption of the British Empire: 
The United States of America 

1. British Colonial Policy. 

A. The mercantile theory of colonization. 

Restrictions on colonial trade and manufactures. 
Navigation Acts: smuggling. 
The era of "salutary neglect." 

B. The intercolonial wars (1689-1763). 

Need of military and financial reorganization. 
Effects on the colonies of the conquest of Canada. 

C. The Grenville ministry (1763-1765)- 

Sugar Act. 
Standing army. 

Parliamentary taxation: the Stamp Act (1765)- 
R. and B. I, 117-119: Mu-zey, 70-79. i07-ii3- 

2. Colonial Resistance to Imperial Control: the American Revolu- 

tion. 

A. The development of opposition. 

Stamp Act Congress (1765). 

Townshend Acts (1767). 

The tea episode and the punishment of Boston. 

The Continental Congresses (1774- i775)- 

B. The revolt of the colonies. 

Outbreak of hostilities (i775)- 

Declaration of Independence (1776) : French phi- 
losophy. 

Establishment of state governments. 

The French alliance: the coalition v. England. 

The treaty of peace (1783)- 

R. and B. I, 119-121; Muzzey, Ii4-i55; ^•^•. 409- 
410; Atlas: Shepherd, 196. 

3. Establishment of the Federal Republic of the United States. 

A. The Articles of Confederation (1781-1787) : their defects. 

B. The Federal Convention and its work (1787)- 

23 



C. The adoption of the Constitution. 

The government of the United States. 

D. The Federalist regime (1789-1801). 

EstabUshment of the government. 
Relations with France, England, and Spain. 
Development of parties : the Democratic Republicans. 
Westward expansion. 
Muzzey, 159-205. 

XII. European Society in the Eighteenth Century 

1. Social and Economic. 

A. Agriculture. 

Its primitive character. 
The manor. 

Serfdom and servile dues. 
Life of the peasantry. 

B. Commerce and industry. 

The towns and the guilds. 

The mercantile system and the restriction of industry. 

Growth of commerce. 

Position of the middle class : the bourgeoisie. 

C. Privileged classes. 

Clergy and nobility. 

Privileges and monopolies. 

Absenteeism. 

The country gentry. 

R. and B. I, 122-135; R.R., 413-414; Lecky, History 

of England in the Eighteenth Century II, 97- 

115, 203-228. 

2. Religious and Ecclesiastical. 

A. The Catholic Church. 

Extent and organization. 

Relations with lay states. 

Social position and influence. 

Internal troubles: Jesuits and Jansenists; Febronius 

and Ultramontanism; "Liberties of the Gallican 

Church." 

B. The Anglican Church and the Protestant sects. 

The Established Church in England. 
The Dissenters: Presbyterians and Separatists; Bap- 
tists and Quakers ; Methodists. 
The Lutheran Churches on the Continent. 
The Reformed Churches on the Continent. 

24 



C. Deism. 

Its vogue in England and spread to the Continent. 
Indifference and agnost,icism. 

R. and B. I, 135-156, 167-168; Cheyney, 551-555; 
Lowell, Eve of the French Revolution, 25-39. 

3. Scientific and Intellectual. 

A. Scientific method : Bacon and Descartes. 

B. Experimentation in science. 

C. Spirit of progress and reform. 

Rise of rationalism: the English thinkers; Voltaire 

(1694-1778) ; Diderot and the Encyclopaedists. 
Criticism of political institutions: Montesquieu (1689- 
1755), Rousseau (1712-1778), Beccaria (1735- 
1793). 
Development of political economy: laissez-faire doc- 
trines; Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). 
R. and B. I, 157-182; Mathezvs, 52-72; Lozvell, 
Eve of French Revolution, 51-69, 126-153, 
243-260, 274-321 ; R.R., 423-426. 



4. Political. 



A. The "enlightened despots." 

Frederick II in Prussia. 
Catherine II in Russia. 
Joseph II in the Habsburg dominions. 
Charles III in Spain. 
R. and B. I, 184-195. 

B. The British monarchy. 

Unrepresentative character of Parliament. 
Political parties and the cabinet system. 
George III and the "king's friends." 
Growing demand for reform. 

R. and B. I, 195-201 ; Cheyney, 548-549, 555-556, 
576-578, 583-585, 595-602. 

C. The French monarchy. 

Confusion in administration and law. 
Rule of monopoly and privilege. 
The royal power: lettres de cachet; the parlements. 
Enjoyment of relative superiority in social and eco- 
nomic conditions. 

R. and B. I, 203-217; R.R., 412-413, 420-423; 
Mathews, 1-51. 



25 



XIII. The French Revolution 

1. The Absolute Monarchy. 

A. The reign of Louis XV (1715-1774). 

The court. 

Taxation and expenditure. 

B. Reforming efiforts of Louis XVI (1774-1793). 

Administration of Turgot. 

Financial policy of Necker : the compte rendu. 
Opposition of the couft : Marie Antoinette. 
War of American Independence (1778-1783). 
The Assembly of the Notables (1787): Calonne. 
Interference of the parlcments. 

Convocation of the Estates General as a financial ex- 
pedient. 

R. and B. I, 217-228; Mathezvs, 73-110; R.R. 
414-420, 426-428. 

C. The end of absolutism. 

The Estates General: the cahiers. 

Supremacy of the Third Estate : the "oath of the 

tennis court ;" Mirabeau and Sieyes. 
Popular uprisings : the destruction of the Bastille 

(1789) ; the peasant reprisals. 
The National Constituent Assembly. 

R. and B. I, 217-236; Mathews, 72,-1^7; R.R., 430- 
434- 

2. The Limited Monarchy (1789-1792). 

A. The end of the old regime. 

Social equalizing: the "August days." 
The Declaration of the Rights of Man. 
Reform of administration. 
Secularization of church property. 
Financial regulation. 
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy. 
The Bight of the nobility and non-juring clergy. 
The constitution of 1791 : the king, the ministry, and 
the legislature. 

B. Paris and its influence. 

Revolution in municipal government : th*e commune. 
Capture of the king and the assembly. 
Centre of political agitation: the clubs, the newspapers 
and the pamphlets. 

R. and B. I, 236-247; Mathews, 138-181 ; R.R., 
435-446, 450-452; Atlas: Shepherd. 146- 
149; R. and B. I, 251. 

26 



C. The limited monarchy in operation. 

Royal blunders : the flight to Varennes. 

The National Legislative Assembly : Feuillants, Girond- 
ists and Mountainists. 

Intervention of Austria and Prussia : the Declaration 
of Pillnitz ; the outbreak of war (1792). 

The insurrection of the tenth of August, 1792. 

Suspension of the king. 

R. and B. I, 249-264; Mathews, 182-206; R.R., 447- 
450, 453-457. 

The Republic (1792-1804). 

A. Construction: work of the National Convention (1792- 

1795). 
Abolition of the monarchy : execution of Louis XVI 

(1793). 
Conduct of the foreign war. 
Rule of the Committee of Public Safety. 
The Terror as a political expedient. 
Robespierre and his overthrow. 
Reforms introduced by the Convention. 
Constitution of the Year III. 

R. and B. I, 264-282; Mathews, 207-285; R.R., 458- 
464. 

B. Maintenance: government of the Directory (1795-1799). 

Campaigns in Italy : the peace of Campo Formio 

(1797). 
Construction of dependent republics. 
Misgovernment and reverses. 

C. Transformation into a military dictatorship. 

Advent of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

Campaigns in Italy and Egypt. 

Formation of the Second Coalition v. France. 

Overthrow of the Directory: the coup d'etat of the 

eighteenth Brumaire. 
Establishment of the Consulate: the Constitution of 
the Year VIII; the plebiscite. 

R. and B. I, 284-298; Johnston, 1-79; R.R., 
467-478; Atlas: Shepherd, 150; R. and B. 
1, 290. 



27 



XIV. The Napoleonic Era 

1. The Consulate (1799-1804). 

A. Foreign War : the dissolution of the Second Coalition. 

Marengo, and the treaty of Luneville (t8ot). 
Establishment of dependent republics. 
Reconstruction of the Germanics. 
Treaty of Amiens (1802). 

B. The revolutionary heritage in France. 

Financial readjustment: the Bank of France. 
Ecclesiastical settlement: the Concordat (1801). 
Judicial reforms : the Codes. 
Administrative arrangements. 
Educational system. 
Public works. 

C. Failure of colonial enterprises. 

Position of England. 

Louisiana, and its sale to the United States (1803). 

Hayti. 

R. and B. I, 298-313; Johnston, 79-101; Muszcy, 

205-213; R.R., 479-483; Atlas: Shepherd. 150- 

151, 142-143. 

2. The Empire (1804-1814). 

A. Lapse of republican institutions. 

The court, the nobility, and the council of state. 
Censorship of the press and activity of secret police. 
Monarchical alterations in dependent states. 

B. Expansion of the empire. 

The Third Coa'ition v. France and its defeat: Trafal- 
gar (1805); Ulm and Austerlitz ; treaty of Press- 
burg (1805) ; Jena (1806); treaty of Tilsit (1807). 

Extinction of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) : its re- 
placement by the Empire of Austria and the 
Confederation of the Rhine. 

Humiliation of Prussia. 

The Napoleonic dynasty and the vassal states. 

C. Overthrow of the empire. 

The economic war: the "continental system;'' the sea 
power of England ; the second war between Great 
Britain and the United States (1812-1814). 

Resistance in Spain: the Peninsular War (1808-1813). 

Premature effort of Au.stria : Wagram (1809). 

Regeneration of Prussia : influence of the French 
Revolution : social and economic reforms ; milita:-y 
reorganization. 

28 



The Russian campaign (1812). 
War of Liberation: Leipzig (1813). 
Abdication of Napoleon (1814). 

The Hundred Days and the battle of Waterloo (1815). 
Exile to St. Helena : influence of the Napoleonic 
legend. 

R. and B. I, 313-341; Johnston, 103-237; Muz- 
sey, 213-224; R.R., 484-504; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 151-156, 200. 



XV. The Era of Metternich 

Restorations and Reconstruction. 

A. Return of the Bourbons to France (1814). 

Compromise with the revolutionary ideas. 

B. The Congress of Vienna and its work (1814-1815). 

The Germanics. 

The Netherlands. 

Switzerland. 

Scandinavian states. 

Questions of Poland and Saxony. 

Colonial settlements. 

Disregard of democracy and of nationality. 

Alliances for the repression of liberalism. 

R. and B. I, 343-362; Seignobos, 1-8; R.R., 507-509; 

Atlas: Shepherd, 157-159; R. and B. I, 352- 

353- 

Reaction in Europe. 

A. The Bourbon restoration in France. 

Louis XVni and the charter (1814). 
Ultra-royalism and the "white terror." 
Charles X (1824-1830) : the clergy and the nobility. 
R. and B. II, 1-6; Seignobos, 103-125; R.R., 509- 
513- 

B. Tory reaction in England. 

Prevalence of economic distress and popular discon- 
tent. 
Adoption of repressive measures : the "Six Acts" 
(1819). 

R. and B. U, 181-185; Cheyney, 603-608, 617- 
619. 

C. Trial and abandonment of liberal administration in Russia. 

Experiments of Alexander I (1801-1825). 
R. and B. U, 263-267. 

29 



D. Maintenance of autocracy in Austria. 

The Habsburg possessions. 
The Germanic Confederation. 
Influence in Italy. 

E. Operation of the Holy Alliance under the direction of 

Metternich. 
Repression of liberalism and nationalism in Germany : 

the Carlsbad Resolutions (1819). 
The congresses and the allied police. 
Subdual of insurrection in Spain and Italy. 

R. and B. II, 12-26, 74-76; R.R., 514-518; Seignobos, 
747-762} Atlas: Shepherd, 158-159. 

Failure of Metternich's Policies. 

A. Collapse of the "Holy Alliance." 

Failure of intervention in America: the Spanish 
colonies; the policy of Canning; the Monroe 
Doctrine. 

Failure of intervention in Europe: the question of 
Greek independence. 

B. Revolutionary movements of 1830. 

France: overthrow of Charles X. 
Belgium: separation from Holland. 
Italy and Germany: futile movements; continued pre- 
eminence of Austria. 
Poland : triumph of Russian autocracy. 

C. Downfall of Metternich. 

The revolution of 1848 in Austria. 

R. and B. II, 6-12, 26-28, 305-307, 267-270, 77 ; R.R., 
513-514, 518-522; Muzzey, 239-243. 

XVI. The Industrial Revolution 

Mechanical Inventions. 

A. Machinery for spinning and weaving. 

Hargreaves and the spinning jenny (1767). 
Crompton and the spinning mule (1779). 
Arkwright, the father of the factory system. 
Cartwright and the power loom (1787). 
Whitney and the cotton gin (1792). 

B. The steam engine. 

Early attempts. 

James Watt (1736- 181 9). 

Its adaptations: Fulton's steamboat (1809); Stephen- 
son's locomotive (1825) ; London Times printing 
press (1814) ; etc. 

30 



C. Use of electricity. 

Morse's electric telegraph (1844). 
The telephone (1876). 
Wireless telegraphy (1907). 

R. and B. II, 30-44, 318-327; Cheyney, Industrial 
History, 203-212. 

2. The Factory System. 

A. Effect upon production. 

The new wealth : capitalism. 
Expansion of commerce and industry. 

B. Effect upon society. 

The capitalist. 
The wage-earner. 
The new problems. 

C. The attitude of government. 

The era of repression. 

The era of non-interference: laissez-faire and the 
theories of Adam Smith; individualism and 
"liberty." 

R. and B. II, 44-52; Cheyney, Industrial His- 
tory, 220-239; Hobson, Evolution of 
Modern Capitalism, ch. xiii ; R.R., 552-557. 

3. Immediate Effects of the Industrial Revolution upon Politics. 

A. England : the triumph of the middle class. 

Parliamentary reform (1832). 
Municipal self-government (1835). 
Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846). 

R. and B. II, 186-188, 198-199, 206-216; Cheyney, 
626-635 ; Atlas : Shepherd, 162-163. 

B. France: the middle class monarchy. 

Reign of Louis Philippe (1830-1848). 

R. and B. II, 53-57; Seignobos, 132-152. 

C. Germany : economic union. 

The Zollverein (1833). 

R. and B. II, 109-111; Atlas: Shepherd, 160. 

D. The United States : the new nationalism. 

The cotton gin and the agricultural development of 

the South. 
Immigration and manufactures in the North. 
Railways and the opening of the West. 

Muszey, 229-236, 245-251, 289-292; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 210-211. 



31 



XVII. The Growth of Democracy 

1. England. 

A. Enlargement of snfifrage, and parliamentary reform. 

Removal of religious disabilities : Catholic emancipa- 
tion (1829). 

Reform Bill of 1832 and coercion of the House of 
Lords. 

Appearance of the Liberal and Conservative parties. 

The Chartist movement. 

B. Social legislation. 

Reform of the criminal law. 
Abolition of slavery in the colonies. 
Factory legislation. 
Public education. 
Free trade. 

R. and B. \l, 186-190, 201-216; Cheyney, 619-643. 

2. The United States. 

A. Enlargement of suffrage in the states. 

Ideas of Jefferson. 

Influence of the West; Jacksonian democracy. 

Removal of various disabilities. 

B. Territorial expansion. 

Continued immigration. 
Annexation of Texas (1845). 
War with Mexico (1846-1848). 

Mtiszey, 206, 257-267, 277-298, 328-349; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 201, 210-211. 

c. Revolutionary Movements of 1848 in Europe. 

A. France. 

Overthrow of Louis Philippe. 

The Second French Republic ('848-1852). 

First phase, the problems of the working class. 

Second phase, the republic of the middle class. 
The Bonapartist revival and the presidency of Louis 

Napoleon. 
The coup d'etat and the establishment of the plebiscite 

empire under Napoleon III (1852-1870). 

R. and B. II, 57-71; R.R., 523-527; Seignobos. 
155-184. 

B. The Germanics. 

Attempt at unification: the Frankfort assembly (1848). 

Constitutional movements in minor states. 

Prussia: the Berlin riots; the constitution of T850. 

32 



Austria: conflicting aims of nationalism and democ- 
racy; the Vienna riots; the revolts in Bohemia 
and in Hungary; social reforms; restoration of 
absolutism. 
C. The Italian States. 

Rival plans for unification : Mazzini and the repub- 
licans; Pius IX and the clericals; the kingdom of 
Sardinia. 

Beginnings of constitutional government in Sardinia 
(1846). 

Lapse of papal liberalism. 

Suppression of insurrection. 

Defeat of Sardinia by Austria (1848-1849). 

R. and B. II, 72-92; R.R., 528-533; Fyife, History 
of Modern Europe, 707-728; Atlas: Shepherd, 
161. 

XVIII. The Growth of Nationalism 

1. Unification of Italy. 

A. Cavour, and Victor Emmanuel (1849-1878). 

Reforms in Sardinia. 

Alliance with France and the war with Austria (1859). 

Annexation of the duchies and papal states. 

B. Garibaldi. 

Overthrow of Bourbon rule in the Two Sicilies (i860). 
The Kingdom of Italy. 

C. Territorial expansion. 

Alliance with Prussia and the acquisition of Venetia 

(1866). 
Capture of Rome and the extinction of the temporal 
power of the pope (1870). 

R. and B. II, 92-100; R.R., 533-537; Seignobos, 
346-359 ; Cesaresco, Cavour; Atlas : R. 
and B. II, 90, 98. 

2. Unification of Germany. 

A. Exclusion of Austria. 

The Zollverein. 

Bismarck and his Prussian policy : the army ; foreign 

alliance; the Schleswig-Holstein dispute. 
The Seven Weeks' War and the overthrow of Austrian 

domination (1866). 

B. Formation of the North German Federation (1866). 

Prussian annexations. 

The constitution. 

Alliance with the south German states. 

33 



C. Establishment of the German Empire. 

The Franco-German War (1870-1871). 
Proclamation of the empire. 
Acquisition of Alsace-Lorraine. 

R. and B. II, 109-123; R.R., 537-543, 545-547; Mun- 
roe Smith, Bismarck; Atlas: Shepherd, 161. 

3. Formation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. 

A. The "Ausgleich" (1867). 

B. Conflict of nationalities. 

Pan-slavism and pan-germanism. 

Problems in Hungary. 

R. and B. II, 123-129; Seignohos, 518-553; Lozvell, 
Governments and Parties in Continental 
Europe II, 70-179; Atlas: Shepherd, 168; 
R. and B. II, 124-125. 

4. Consolidation of France. 

A. Results of the Franco-German War (1870-1871). 

Collapse of the empire. 

Proclamation of the Third French Republic (1870). 

B. The Communard movement and its suppression. 

R. and B. II, 151-156; R.R., 543-545; Seignohos, 187- 
194- 

5. Unification of the United States. 

A. Growth of sectionalism. 

Economic and social divergence of North and South. 
' Question as to the constitutional powers of Congress 

over slavery and the tariff. 
The Missouri Compromise (1820). 
Muzzey, 259-264, 303-315- 

B. The tariff controversy. 

Nullification ordinance of South Carolina (1832). 
Muzzey, 267-282. 

C. The slavery controversy. 

Abolitionist agitation. 

Annexation of Texas and the v/ar with Mexico. 

Proposed elimination of Congress : the doctrine of 

"squatter sovereignty." 
The California Compromise (1850), and the fugitive 

slave law. 
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854). 
The Dred Scott decision and dicta (1857). 
Raid of John Brown (1859). 
Presidential election of i860. 

Muzzey. 316-412; Atlas: Shepherd, 201-207. 

34 



D. The Civil War (1861-1865). 

Secession. 

Formation of the Confederacy : its constitution. 
Military events: Gettysburg, Vicksburg (1863). 
Lincoln and the abolition of slavery. 
Triumph of the unionists. 

Mu::zey, 413-475; Atlas: Shepherd, 206-208. 

E. Reconstruction of the South. 

Military government. 
Amendments to the constitution. 
Formation of the "solid South." 
Undoing of reconstruction; the race problem. 
Muscey, 477-507, 523, 619-620. 

F. Operation of party politics. 

Party systems. 

Financial questions: banks and currency; free silver. 

Economic and social problems: industrialism; tariff; 
trusts ; organized labor ; the Progressive move- 
ment. 

Muszey, 507-572, 591-599, 605-625. 

Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. 

A. Independence of Greece (1822) : establishment of the 

Greek kingdom (1832). 

B. Temporary frustration of Russian interference in Turkey: 

the Crimean War (1854-1856). 

C. Autonomy of the Balkan and Danubian states. 

Union of Moldavia and Wallachia as Roumania (1862). 
The Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) : the treaty of 

San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin. 
Independence of Servia, Montenegro and Roumania 

(1878). 
Establishment of the Bulgarian Kingdom (1878): 

union of Eastern Roumelia (1885); independence 

(1909). 

D. Autonomy of Crete. 

The Graeco-Turkish War (1896-1897). 

E. Loss of the African dependencies. 

Defection of Egypt (1832-1841). 
Occupation of Algeria by the French (1830-1848). 
Occupation of Tunis by the French (1881). 
Occupation of Tripoli by the Italians (i9iO- 

F. Present status of the Eastern Question. 

R. and B. II, 303-317, 362-363; Rose, Development 
of European Nations I, 184-343 ; Atlas : Shep- 
herd, 164-165. 

35 



XIX. Continental Europe since 1870 

1. The Third French Republic. 

A. The provisional republic. 

Thiers's government (1871-1873) : the treaty of Frank- 
fort ; the commune ; the recovery of France. 

B. Republic or monarchy. 

Presidency of MacMahon (1873-1879). 
Constitution of the republic. 
Defeat of the monarchists. 

C. The republic under republicans. 

Repression of clerical and military opposition : Ferry's 
school laws (i88i-t886) ; the Boulanger affair; 
the Dreyfus case; Associations Act (1901) ; the 
separation of church and state (1905). 

Expansion : the new colonial empire. 

Parliamentary rule: groups of parties; instability of 
cabinets with stability of policy. 

D. France of today. 

R. and B. II, 151-179; Conhertin, Evolution of France 
under the Th'rd Republic, 1-52, 162-197. 

2. The Italian Kingdom. 

A. Constitution and government. 

Attitude of the pope. 

B. An European Power. 

The Triple Alliance (1882). 
Militarism and colonization. 

C. Economic situation. 

Burden of taxation. 
Emigration. 

D. Italy of today. 

R. and B. IT, 100-T07; Seignobos, 359-372; Lozvell, 
Governments I, 146-231. 

3. The German Empire. 

A. Constitution and government. 

Development of political parties. 

B. Bismarck as imperial chancellor (1871-1890). 

Ecclesiastical problem: the Kulturkampf ; the May 
Laws and their repeal. 

Social legislation : struggle with the Socialists ; state 
socialism. 

Industrialism and commercial advancement : protec- 
tionism and colonization. 

36 



C. The reign of William II (1888- ). 

Militarism and the new navy. 

Liberal and Socialist dissatisfaction: election of 1912. 

D. Germany of today. 

R. and B. II, 130-150; Munroe Smith, Bismarck; 
Loivell, Governments II, 1-69. 

The Russian Empire. 

A. Alexander II (1855-1881). 

Reforms: partial emancipation of the serfs (1861); 

founding of the semstvos (1864). 
Reaction : nihilism and terrorism. 

B. Alexander III (1881-1894). 

"Frozen" Russia. 

Russification. 

The industrial revolution. 

C. Nicholas II (1894- )• 

Development of political parties. 
War with Japan (1904-1905). 
Riots and strikes : massacres. 
The Duma and its work. 

D. Russia of today. 

R. and B. II, 270-301; Seignobos, 591-613; Atlas: 
R. and B. II, 262-263; Shepherd, 166-167, 170-171. 

The Spanish Kingdom. 

A. Establishment of constitutional monarchy. 

Reign of Isabella II (1833-1868). 
Factional struggles : Carlists and Republicans. 
Disorder and military dictatorship (1868-1874). 
Restoration of the Bourbons : Alphonso XII ( 1874- 

1885). 
The constitution of 1876. 

B. Government and political parties. 

C. The American War (1898) : loss of colonies. 

D. Problems, — economic, political and ecclesiastical. 

R. and B. II. 119-120; Seignobos, 295-319. 

The Portuguese Republic. 

A. Decline of the monarchy. 

Charter of 1826 and subsequent modifications. 

Reign of Maria (1826-1853). 

Factional struggles: Miguelists and Republicans. 

Financial disorders. 

Dictatorship of Franco. 

37 



B. Establishment of the republic. 
Revolution of 1910. 
Constitution and government. 
Problems, — economic, ecclesiastical and political. 
R. and B. II, 27; Seignobos, 319-324. 

Other Continental States. 

A. Sweden. 

The Bernadotte dynasty, and parliamentary reform. 
Seignobos, 554-559- 

B. Norway. 

Growth of nationalism. 
Separation from Sweden (1905). 
Seignobos, 559-566. 

C. Denmark. 

Constitution of 1866. 
Seignobos, 566-577. 

D. The Netherlands. 

Constitution of 1848. 
Commerce and the colonies. 
Seignobos, 238-244. 

E. Belgium. 

Electoral question. 
Clericals and Socialists. 
Colonial empire. 

Seignobos, 244-255. 

F. Svifitzerland. 

The Sonderbund and the federal constitutions of 1848 

and 1874. 
Initiative and referendum. 

Seignobos, 257-284. 

G. The Balkan States. 

Seignobos, 640-648, 657-669. 

H. Greece. 

Reign of George I (1863- ). 
Seignobos, 648-657. 
I. Turkey. 

Reign of Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909). 

Revolution of 1908. 

Constitution and government. 

Nationalist questions : Macedonia, Albania, etc. 

Problems, — economic and political. 
Seignobos, 634-636. 



38 



XX. The British Empire 

1. The United Kingdom. 

A. Political reforms. 

Disraeli and the Reform Bill of 1867. 

Ballot Act (1872). 

Gladstone and the Reform Bills of 1884 and 1885. 

Parliament Act (1911). 

Government and political parties. 

B. Social reforms. 

Factory legislation. 

Education Acts. 

Social politics : the Labor Party and the Liberal coali- 
tion; old age pensions (1908); the Lloyd George 
budget (1910) ; national insurance (1911) ; etc. 

C. Question of self-government in Ireland. 

Act of Union (1800). 
Agitation of grievances. 
Gladstone's reforms. 
Land Acts (1881-1903). 
Projects of Home Rule. 

R. and B. II, 190-198, 217-232; Cheyney, 657-666; 
Hayes, British Social Politics. 

2. The Self-Governing Colonies. 

A. The Dominion of Canada. 

Rebellion of 1837, 

Attainment of representative self-governm.ent (1840). 
Federation: the British North America Act (1867). 
Opening of the West. 

B. The Commonwealth of Australia. 

Settlements and growth. 
Federation : Act of 1900. 

C. The Dominion of New Zealand. 

Settlements. 
Social experiments. 

D. The Union of South Africa. 

Dutch settlements. 
English at the Cape (1814). 
The Boer War (1899-1902). 
Federation : Act of 1909. 

E. Relation of the self-governing colonies to the United 

Kingdom. 

R. and B. II, 242-256, 257-259; Cheyney, 666-677; 
Atlas: Shepherd, 172-182. 

39 



Other Possessions. 

A. The Empire of India. 

Extension of British control and influence. 
Misgovernment of the East India Company. 
The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) : royal control. 
Creation of the titular empire of India (1877). 
Government and opposition. 
The industrial revolution in India. 

B. Crown Colonies in Africa. 

British Somaliland (1884). 
British Central Africa (1891). 
British East Africa (1891). 
Settlements on the West Coast. 
British in Egypt and the Soudan. 

C. Other Crown Colonies. 

America, Asia, and Oceania. 

R. and B. II, 233-242, 256-257, 260, 363-366; Atlas: 
Shepherd, 179-182. 

XXI. The Spread of European Civilization 

Foundations. 

A. Economic. 

Growth of trade. 
Investment of surplus capital. 

"Spheres of influence," and the policy of the "open 
door." 

B. Religious. 

Catholic missions. 
Protestant missions. 
Russian Orthodox missions. 

R. and B. II, 327-331 ; Beard, Introduction to the 
English Historians, 623-636; Reinsch, World 
Politics, 3-80; R.R., 564-566. 
China. 

A. Geography and earlier history. 

B. Opening of China to European commerce. 

The Opium War (1840- 1842). 

Treaty of Tientsin (i860). 

Concessions and annexations: French China. 

C. Foreign aggression and the question of the integrity of 

China. 
Russia. 
Japan. 
Germany. 
France. 
Great Britain. 

40 



D. Nationalist and reform movements.. 

Opposition to the Manchu dynasty : the Taiping rebel- 
lion (1853-1861). 

Influence of the Dowager Empress Tzu-hsi (1861- 
1910). 

The Boxer movement (1900). 

Efforts at reform. 

Revolution of 191 1 and the establishment of the 
republic. 

E. Present problems. 

R. and B. II, 331-338, 343-350; Reinsch, World Politics, 
85-195 ; Atlas : Shepherd, 171 ; R. and B. II, 332- 
33Z- 

3. Japan. 

A. Geography and earlier history. 

B. Opening of Japan to w^estern civilization. 

Visit of Commodore Perry (1853). 

Armed intervention of Great Britain (1862). 

Reign of Mutsuhito (1867-1912). 

C. The revolution. 

Disappearance of the shogunate and of feudalism. 
Establishment of constitutional government (1890). 

D. Territorial expansion. 

War with China (1894-1895) : annexation of Formosa. 
War with Russia ( 1904- 1905 ) : treaty of Portsmouth. 
Annexation of Korea (1910). 

E. The industrial revolution in Japan : present problems. 

R. and B. II, 338-344, 350-353; Douglas, Europe and 
the Far Bast, 169-209, 409-424; Asakawa. Russo- 
Japanese Conflict; Atlas: Shepherd, 17 r. 

4. Russian Expansion in Asia. 

A. Extension of the Siberian frontiers. 

Earlier history. 

Turkestan (1863-1865). 

Bokhara (1870); Khiva (1872); Merv (1873-1886). 

Caucasus (1878). 

Question of Manchuria. 

B. Interference in Persia. 

Geography and earlier history of Persia. 
Establishment of constitutional government (1906). 
Domestic difficulties. 
Foreign interests and aggressions. 

C. The Anglo-Russian frontiers in Asia. 

R. and B. II, 263, 281-282 : Skrine, Expansion of 
Russia. 3T3-348; Atlas: Shepherd. 170-171. 

41 



5. French and British Empires in Asia. 

6. Partition of Africa. 

A. Geography and earlier history : explorations and settle- 

ments. 

B. British possessions and control. 

The Union of South Africa. 

Egypt and the Soudan. 

Protectorates and crown dependencies. 

C. French possessions and interests. 

Algeria (1830-1848). 
Tunis (1881). 
Morocco (1905-1912). 
French West Africa. 
French Congo. 
Madagascar (1896). 

D. Italian possessions. 

Eritrea. 

Somaliland. 

The Abyssinian War (1887-1902). ^ . 

The Tripolitan War (1911- ). 

E. German possessions. 

Togoland and the Kameruns. 
German Southwest Africa. 
German East Africa. 

F. Portuguese and Spanish possessions. 

G. The Congo Free State. 

Brussels Conference (1876). 

Enterprises of King Leopold. 

Annexation to Belgium (1908). 

R. and B. II, 353-366; Rose, Development of the 
European Nations II, 143-298; Atlas: Shep- 
herd, 174-175. 

/, The United States as a World Power. 

A. Course of territorial expansion on the continent. 

Louisiana territory (1803). 

Florida (1819). 

Texas (1845). 

Oregon (1846). 

Mexican cessions (1848-1853). 

Alaska (1867). 

B. Beginnings of a colonial system. 

Hawaii and Samoa. 

The Spanish War (1898-1899): Porto Rico and the 

Philippines. 
The Panama Canal, and the Canal Zone. 
Cuban protectorate. 

42 



Assertion of American ascendency. 

Guardianship of Latin-American independence. 
Application of the Monroe Doctrine. 

Muz^ey, 208-210, 236-243, 3.31-352, 37i-374> 499-500, 
574-591, 600-604; Atlas: Shepherd, 198-199, 
210-21 1, 213-216. 



8. The Republics of Latin America. 



XXII. Contemporary Civilization 

Economic and Social. 

A. Growth and extension of the Industrial Revolution : its 

problems, and proposals for their solution. 

B. The war on poverty. 

Trade unions. 

State action. 

Socialism: Karl Marx (1818-1883) ; the present 

Socialist parties and platforms. 
Anarchism. 

R. and B. II, 382-405; R.R., 561-564; Spargo, 
Socialism; Ensor, Socialism; Seignobos, 735- 
737; Samuelson, Civilisation of Our Day, 139- 
I53i 159-181 ; Hayes, British Social Politics. 

Political. 

A. Growth of democracy. 

Extension of suffrage : woman suffrage. 
Institutions of representative government. 
Scope and functions of government. 

B. Spirit of nationalism. 

Survival of historic antipathies : influence of literature. 
Incentives of political, territorial and economic com- 
petition. 
Militarism : the "armed peace." 

C. Internationalism. 

International law. 

Annihilation of distance. 

Universal expositions. 

The Geneva Convention (1864), and the organization 

of the Red Cross Society. 
Peace conferences at the Hague (1899, 1907)- 
Peace propaganda. 

R. and B. II, 367-381 ; R.R., 559-561 ; Hayes, British 
Social Politics; Foster, Arbitration and the 
Hague Court. 

43 



3. Religious and Ecclesiastical. 

A. Catholic Christianity. 

Extent and influence : missions. 

Sharing of political power with states : concordats. 

Pius IX (1846-1878): Syllabus of Errors (1864); 

Vatican Council (1869-1870) ; loss of the States 

of the Church (1870). 
Leo XIII (1878-1903) : attitude toward social problems. 
Pius X (1903- ): revision of the canon law; the 

Bible Commission ; Modernism. 

B. Other Forms of Christianity. 

The Orthodox Churches of the East. 

Anglicanism : the Tractarian movement ; high, low and 

broad church opinions. 
Protestant sects. 
"Higher criticism." 

C. Growth of rationalism. 

D. Non-European religions. 

R. and B. II, 92, loo-ioi, 166, 404-405; Seignobos, 689- 
716. 

4. Intellectual. 

A. New historical basis of intellectual life. 

Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830-1833). 
Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). 
Theory of evolution. 

R. and B. IT, 405-412; Progress of the Century, 
3-29- 

B. Promotion of man's bodily welfare: advance in medicine. 

Introduction of vaccination (1796). 

Anaesthetics (1846-1847). 

Bacteria named (1863). 

Development of tlie germ theory by Pasteur and Koch. 

Aseptic surgery (1870-1880). 

R. and B. II, 412-421 ; Progress of the Century, 
173-214, 232-261, 308-328; R.R., 557-559. 

C. Popular education. 

Secularization of education. 

Democratization of education through state support. 
Development of technical and industrial education. 
Higher education of woman. 

Samuelson, Civilisation, 252-300. 



44 



D. The newer social sciences. 

Political economy: the English Classical School; John 

Stuart Mill ; democratic tendencies. 

Anthropology: discovery of vast age of mankind; 

study of primitive peoples. 
Philology. 
Sociology. 

"Pragmatic" tendencies in philosophy. 
The new history. 

Robinson, The Neiv History, ch. iii, viii. 



45 



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